LUFS, LKFS, dbFS, PPM, VU, RMS

working on sound/audio mastering

concepts one cannot do without

start your recording and mixing at “0VU = -18 dbfs” to have enough headroom

have most channels close to this level or -24dbfs

this should aid your gain staging

Normalise yourself, the less the compression the better

-16 LUFS music, -23 LUFS television (highest recommendation although -13 LUFS music good)

LUFS meters most preferred during mastering

PPM more preferred for fast transients, drums, etc

VU preferred general mixing(easier) so long as its reference to 0 dbfs is set properly

https://www.orban.com/meter/

https://magroove.com/blog/en-us/lufs/

https://gameaudionoise.blogspot.com/2012/02/whats-difference-between-lkfs-and-lufs.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LKFS

https://www.tcelectronic.com/brand/tcelectronic/loudness-explained#googtrans(en|en)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBFS

https://www.audiomasterclass.com/newsletter/what-is-the-difference-between-0-db-and-0-dbfs

https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/q-whats-difference-between-ppm-and-vu-meters

https://sonimus.com/blog/tutorials/vu-meter-and-mixing-levels.html

https://www.gearslutz.com/board/geekslutz-forum/1231054-change-ppm-meter-vu-meter-electrically.html